About the Charles-de-Gaulle Airport Terminal Collapse

A huge chunk of Terminal 2E at the Charles-de-Gaulle Airport came crashing down in the early morning of May 23, 2004. The shocking event killed several people at the busiest airport in France, about 15 miles northeast of Paris. When a structure fails on its own accord, the event may be more frightening than a terrorist attack. Why did this structure fail in less than a year after opening? The 450-meter long terminal building is an elliptical tube constructed of concrete rings. French architect Paul Andreu, who also designed the French terminal for the English Channel Tunnel, drew upon principles of tunnel construction for the airport terminal building. Many people praised the futuristic structure at Terminal 2, calling it both beautiful and practical. Since there were no internal roof supports, passengers could move easily through the terminal. Some engineers say that the terminals tunnel shape may have been a factor in the collapse. Buildings with no internal supports must rely entirely on the outer shell. However, investigators quickly pointed out that it is the role of engineers to assure the safety of an architects designs. Leslie Robertson, a chief engineer of the original twin towers at the World Trade Center, told the New York Times that when problems occur, its usually in the interface between architects, engineers, and contractors. Reasons for Collapse The collapse of a 110 foot section killed four people, injured three others, and left a 50 by 30 meter hole in the tubular design. Was the fatal collapse caused by design flaws or oversights in construction? The official investigation report clearly said both. A part of Terminal 2 failed for two reasons: Process Failure: A lack of detailed analysis and inadequate design checking allowed construction of a poorly engineered structure. Structural Engineering Failure: A number of design flaws were not caught during construction, including (1) a lack of redundant supports; (2) poorly placed reinforcing steel; (3) weak outer steel struts; (4) weak concrete support beams; and (5) low resistance to temperature. After the investigation and careful disassembling, the structure was rebuilt with a metal framework built upon the existing foundation. It reopened in the spring of 2008. Lessons Learned How does a collapsed building in one country affect construction in another country? Architects have become increasingly aware that complicated designs using space-age materials require the watchful oversight of many professionals. Architects, engineers, and contractors have to be working from the same game plan and not copies. In other words, writes New York Times reporter Christopher Hawthorne, it is in translating the design from one office to the next that mistakes are amplified and become deadly. The collapse of Terminal 2E was a wake-up call for many firms to use file-sharing software such as BIM. At the time of the disaster in France, a multi-billion dollar construction project was underway in northern Virginia — a new train line from Washington, D.C. to Dulles International Airport. The subway tunnel was designed similarly to Paul Andreus Paris airport. Could the D.C. Metro Silver Line be doomed to disaster? A study prepared for U.S. Senator John Warner of Virginia noted a major difference between the two structures: The subway station, simply put, is a circular tube with air flowing down the middle of it. This hollow tube can be contrasted to Terminal 2E, which was a circular tube with air flowing outside of it. The outer casing of Terminal 2E was subjected to great temperature changes causing the outer steel to expand and contract. The study concluded that a complete design analysis would have predicted all structural deficiencies within the Paris airport. In essence, the collapse of Charles-de-Gaulle Airport Terminal was preventable and unnecessary had oversight been in place. About Architect Paul Andreu French architect Paul Andreu was born July 10, 1938 in Bordeaux. Like many professionals of his generation, Andreu was educated as an engineer at the École Polytechnique and as an architect at the prestigious fine arts Lycà ©e Louis-le-Grand. He has made a career of airport design, beginning with the  Charles-de-Gaulle (CDG) in the 1970s. From 1974 and throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Andreus architecture firm was commissioned to build terminal after terminal for the growing air traffic hub. The extension of Terminal 2E opened in the spring of 2003. For nearly forty years Andreu held commissions from the Aà ©roports de Paris, the operator of Paris airports. He was the Chief Architect for the building of the Charles-de-Gaulle before retiring in 2003. Andreu has been cited as shaping the face of aviation internationally with his high-profile airports in Shanghai, Abu Dhabi, Cairo, Brunei,  Manila, and Jakarta. Since the tragic collapse, he has also been cited as an example of architectural hubris. But Paul Andreu designed buildings other than airports, including the  Guangzhou Gymnasium in China, the Osaka Maritime Museum in Japan, and the Oriental Art Center in Shanghai. His architectural masterpiece may be the titanium and glass National Centre for the Performing Arts in Beijing — still standing, since July 2007. Sources The Architectural Blame Game by Christopher Hawthorne, The New York Times, May 27, 2004 Paris Air Terminal Collapse Report by Christian Horn, Architecture Week, http://www.architectureweek.com/2005/0427/news_1-1.html Investigation of Tysons Central 7 Rail Station — Case Study: Terminal 2E Roof Collapse, Prepared for Senator John Warner by Chance Kutac and Zachary Webb, Technical Office of Senator John Warner, November 22, 2006, pp. 9, 15 [PDF at www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/hart/333t/documents/FinalReport2_07.pdf accessed May 24, 2004] à   propos and architecture, Paul Andreu website, http://www.paul-andreu.com/ [accessed November 13, 2017] Paris airport collapse blamed on design by John Lichfield, Independent, February 15, 2005, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-airport-collapse-blamed-on-design-483590.html Terminal to reopen at Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris by Nicola Clark, The New York Times, March 28, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/28/world/europe/28iht-cdg.html Gordon, Alastair. Naked Airport: A Cultural History of the Worlds Most Revolutionary Structure. University of Chicago Press Pbk. Ed. / edition, University of Chicago Press, June 1, 2008.

Review Of The Defenders - 1015 Words

On August 18, 2017 Marvel’s Netflix series Defenders decided to show up featuring all of the netflix marvel characters that we have grown accustomed to over the the years. Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist are all coming together to stop The Hand from leveling New York to get what they want. Ladies and Gentleman, as always I am the Gentleman Snark. Today I will bring you review of the first four episode in the Defenders series, so let’s begin. Spoilers: We are discussing the first half of the Defenders series. Story: Story is simple, The Hand have set up for a big performance and a grand finale for New York. So it is up to our unlikely Street level heroes to ban together and protect the city. The show takes a while to†¦show more content†¦Which manages to pay off and work beautifully in end when the characters sit down and become more acquainted with each other. Leading into one of my favorite aspects of the series. Character Dynamics: Speaking broadly for the whole series, if I were to give an example of how the characters in Defenders play of off each other I would use DC’s Suicide Squad as a good comparisons for the characters. To explain this, in the Suicide Squad movie, there is a scene where all the bad guys sat in a bar and had a drink exchanging bar room talk and typical banter. For me, I can totally see the Defenders doing something very similar, which they did in episode 4, and it WORKS. This is to be taken as a compliment as even though the characters have just met each other under extreme circumstances, episode 4 is a pretty much good example of how the main characters will act towards each other for the entire show. Only Danny and Matt understand or even know about the hand, Jessica and Luke are in a constant stream of disbelief as soon as magic is involved. The sarcastic quips that have towards each other gives off a very realistic view to it. I can totally see actually people having conversati ons and reacting similar to the main characters in the show. Unlike when you compare them to the Avengers that for me personally, lack those kind of interaction with their characters or at least don’t make use of them enough in my opinion(except forShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Public Defenders1790 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review Public defenders are put at a major disadvantage in terms of the effectiveness of defense they can provide. Most defenders will try to defend their clients to the best of their ability, but there are so many obstacles that prevent this from happening. These obstacles include heavy caseloads, lack of resources, government restriction, and the type of client they have to defend. While not all of these problems have a simple solution there must be some remedy to the issues. By notRead MoreThe Defenders Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pageswelcome to my review of Season 1 of the Defenders, the newest Netflix show from Marvel. The first section will be spoiler free and then I’ll get into spoilers at the end. Overall, the show is very good and I think anyone who like the previous shows will like this, but if you didn’t, The Defenders won’t do much to convert you, as its mainly intended for fans of the earlier Marvel shows on Netflix. I’m not sure how many people this even applies to, but if you were wondering if The Defenders would stillRead MoreOverload : The Problem Of Indigent Defense1547 Words   |  7 Pagesdown and indigent defense has become a pillar of America’s legal system. Hundreds of thousands of cases are handled through public defenders and attorneys hired by the government to defend those who cannot afford an attorney themselves. 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In the past, officials could only review block/charge calls to determine whether or not the defender was inside the restricted area. Now, referees will be able to uphold or reverse those same calls after reviewing whether or not the defender was set when the offensive player began his shooting motion. This is a significant change and one that should help curtail the increasingly common practice of defenders sliding under offensive players after theyve already committed

Different words, different conception China English and Chinese English Free Essays

string(74) " and the standard of China English has always been intensively discussed\." Introduction The background of my writing In the past 50 years, English has become a global language. It’s widely used in international conferences, multinational companies and the Internet. According to the Cambridge University Press Statistics, there are 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 billion people living in the country which used English as its official language. There are also 1.2 billion to 1.5 billion people used English as their mother language. The globalization of English is a indisputable truth in the world in nowadays. More and more people studying English from pole to pole. But at the same time, the English in the process of globalization has also brought a wide range of nativization. Although the British English and American English is still the mainstream of global English, people found a number of English with regional characteristics appeared in the world, like Australia English, Singapore English, South Africa English and so on. Many linguist attention about this phenomenon and do the research in this area. In my opinion, this is a kind of culture shock, because there are many countries have their local language, so when English step into their life, there must be a kind of exchange between English and their local language appearance. In China, English also become more and more important in people’s life. For young people, speak English is an indispensable skill. And in all schools in China, no matter middle school or university, English is the most important subject for students. In China, you can hear two different words to describe the English: China English and Chinese English. They aren’t with the same means. What the different between themWhat’s the real conception of China English? China English is not Chinese English Chinese English is also a kind of English from China, lots of people called it Chinglish. But it’s not the emphasis that I want to study. Chinese English different from China English. The phrase â€Å"Chinese English† is listed in the book International English Usage authored By British scholar Todd and American scholar Hancock (1986) who expounds Chinese English in the aspects of phonology, lexicon and grammar. Chinese English originated from Chinese Pidgin English. Pidgin is the cultural production of colonization and semi-colonization. It forms during the course of the acquiring European languages by natives and also based on aboriginal languages. Chinese Pidgin English can be divided into four periods: Birth Stage (1715-1748) : It was started in Guangzhou and Macao Early Stage (1748-1842): It was in Guangzhou. Expanding Stage (1842-1890): It was widely use in Hong Kong and other trading ports. Declining Stage (1890-till now): The normal education of English became popular. The main places of using Chinese Pidgin English are Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Shanghai and trading ports. Such as: Ningbo, Wuhu, Beijing and so on. Chinese business men and servant used it for communication. At the beginning, it was used for service and trading business by lower class. But later, it appears in different situation, including higher class. The lexical and syntactic features of Chinese English Chinese English is a deformed language variant. The vocabulary can best interpret the features of Chinese English. As we all know, Chinese learners often collocate words wrongly. They are inclined to express or translate word by word, which will cause wrong expressions. For example, three piece book (three books), chow chow (means eat something) etc. Besides, the English words like see, watch, read and look at can all be translated into Chinese â€Å"?†, and may be used interchangeably. The situation of speak, say, and talk is similar. Phrases like â€Å"Can you say Chinese?† â€Å"I’m watching a book.† â€Å"Tomorrow I will look a movie.† may be produced. Syntax, as generally defined, is the study of how sentences are properly formed out of words of a language. The different of the thinking mode of Western people and Chinese directly show clearly in sentences formation in two languages. For example, 1: My go topside. He have go bottomside. I am going upstair. He has gone downstair. 2: Aftertoon my come. I’ll come in the afternoon. Speakers of Chinese English didn’t really understand English, but in order to communicate with foreigners, they had to use deformed English, which totally misused the vocabulary and grammar. For example, â€Å"change money† ( means odd change), â€Å"long time no see† (means I haven’t seen you for a long time). With the deepening of Chinese opening-up and reform, the number of English learners is steadily increasing. However, most of the learners have to â€Å"learn† rather than â€Å"acquire† the language by means of schooling, radio or TV programs or remedial courses. They are under the influence of Chinese Pidgin English. Lacking enough access to the English language and thinking mode. In consequence, the increasing number of English learners leads to more problems with Chinese English. Examples can best manifest it. There is funny story between a foreigner and his Chinese servant. The foreigner came home and found the glasses were broken, he asked his Chinese servant how did it break. The servant said in Chinese English:† Inside zhi-zhi-zhi, outside miao-miao-miao, glasses broken.† There is no English grammar and logic in his answer. The servant only use some words to describe how it happened. Another example of the same kind can explain the features of discourse in Chinese English. The boss of a British man asked his Chinese driver to buy tickets of a cinema. The driver came back and said:† People mountain people sea. Today no see, tomorrow see. Same see.† The appearance of China English In 1980, the famous Chinese linguist Ge Chuangui put forward the conception of â€Å"Chinese English† in his article Ramble the translation. He said:† No matter in old China or new China, Chinese people speak or write English always accompany the Chinese trait. Like â€Å"imperial examination () †, â€Å"imperial academy ()†, â€Å" May Fourth Movement ()† and so on. These words with Chinese regional culture, not belong to the western people, and they also never use them. † Since then, discussions about it have never stopped. The definition and the standard of China English has always been intensively discussed. You read "Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English" in category "Essay examples" A number of scholars have proposed their definitions of China English from their particular perspectives. China English has normative English as its core. Wang Rongpei holds that the definition of China English should cover t he following three points: China English is used by Chinese people in Chinese land China English has standard English as its core China English has Chinese features But another scholar named Li Wenzhong disagrees with Wang Rongpei’s definition of China English. Li Wenzhong (1993) maintains that China English is not only used in native China. He argues that quite a few Chinese borrowings have entered the English languages and become part of it by transliteration and loan translation, eg: tea, kowtow, Great Leap Forward and so on. Xie Zhijun is against Li Wenzhong’s point of view about China English. Xie holds that both China English and Chinese English have the Chinese influence existing in all the aspects of China English-lexical, syntactical and textual. On the basis of his argument, Xie makes his contribution to China English: China English is an interference English variety used by Chinese people in cross-culture communication; its interference is caused by the Chinese language, the way of Chinese thinking as well as Chinese culture. China English is based on normative English and is capable of entering the English languages. From the various definitions of China English, I can summarize some of the properties of China English. First, China English is the English used by the Chinese. â€Å"The linguistic and Cultural Identities of China English and the Application in Chinese† refers to the Chinese people as those who have grown up in Chinese social and cultural background to communicate with the English –speaking people. Second, it’s based on Standard English (it means English used by the Englishmen and Americans), that is , it’s in accord with the grammar of Standard English. Third, it is a transfer variety of English affected by Chinese culture. The lexical features of China English The lexical features of China English are mainly shown in the Chinese borrowings entering English. It takes Standard English as its core and the English language enriches itself by absorbing Chinese borrowed words. First, early in the 1800s, some words with Chinese unique features entered the English language. Quite a lot of words and phrases in China English are directly transliterated from Chinese Putonghua and other dialects especially Cantonese. The examples are classified as follows: About history and culture: like, zhongju (), yamen () etc. About recreation and local sports: like, Erhu (), Kongfu(),Taichi (), Mahjong() etc. About food, clothing, shelter and transportation:like, Cheongsam (),Chowmein (),Tea(?),Ginseng (),etc. About local conditions and customs: like, fengshui (), Kowtow ()etc. About geographical names Inner Mongolia (), Lhasa (), Hong Kong ()etc. About measurement units: like, Yuan (?),Jiao (?), Mu (?) etc. Second, after Chinese reform and opening-up, the total number of Chinese borrowings in English increased rapidly. These Chinese Phrases in English are translated by means of word-by-word translation. Below are some examples: About Chinese history and culture: like Four Books and Five Classics (),paper tiger (),lefetist (), Gang of Four () etc. About Chinese reform and opening-up program: like, laid-off workers (), Four modernizations (),one China policy (), reform and opening-up (),one country, two systems () etc. The characteristics of the China English are unavoidable mainly because of the way of Chinese thinking and its traditional culture. This shows that one’s accomplishment of the language acquisition makes the formation of one’s thinking model. Chinese speakers have acquired their mother tongue and have formed the way of Chinese thinking before they study English. Therefore, the way of Chinese thinking must have a great influence on learning another way of thinking. So the Chinese characteristics inevitably exist in the English expressions created by Chinese people. On the other hand, social linguists hold that a nation’s culture is unique. Chinese people are according in their element when expressing Chinese culture in Chinese language, but are clumsy at doing it in English language. A foreign language serves the function of a bridge in the import and export of the culture. Foreign cultures, when introduced into China, should be understood by Chinese people. Similarly, Chinese culture, when exported to foreign countries, should be understood by foreigners. Consequently, China English, on the basis of normative English, should bear Chinese characteristics; otherwise, it cannot surmount the difficulties resulting from the expression of the two different cultures. Finally, China English is evolved from two sources: Native speakers’ description/accounts of Chinese society and culture Chinese accounts on ourselves and the world in English. It’s an English variety that is saturated with Chinese culture and some characteristics of Han language. It’s based on Standard English and shares idiomatic useage of world English. It helps to spread Chinese unique culture such as in words, phrases, syntax, cognitive style, figures of speech, literary style and discourse structure. Conclusion In conclusion, Chinglish and China English are both related and distinguishable. On one hand, both of them are to put across the unique things in China and thus have Chinese features. On the other hand, with new vocabulary and structure, China English is normative English and it will increase its strength with further publicity to the outside world while Chinglish is improper use of English due to poor knowledge to the English language and culture and shall according hinder the communication with other cultures. In future, Chinglish will probably diminish or even disappear with the deepening of culture communication between China and other countries. We should avoid the deformed used of English Variety-Chinglish, and maintain the effective way of using China English. China English is exiting objectively. As the rejuvenation of China, the output of Chinese culture is becoming more and more important. China English is not enough to become national variety, it’s the absolutely necessary of the world English acting as the supplementary of standard English. Chinese English is the result of ignoring or misunderstanding of British culture and custom. So Chinese English is not equal to the China English. It can be the interlanguage of learning English, but not the taget language of interculture exchange. These two words just with three letters difference, but they stand for two conceptions, also two kinds of attitude. Bibliography BoltonKingsley (2002), Chinese English: from Canton jargon to global English, Worm Englishes Joan Pinkham (2000), The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Beijing Barber.C.L (1972), The Story of Language, Pan Books, London Todd. L.L.Hancock,1986, International English Usage, New York University Press, New York Chen Dingan (1998), The translation of English to Chinese, China Translation and Publishing Corporation Press, Beijing Ge Chuangui (1986), Ramble the translation Jin Huikang (2004), China English, The foreign language teaching publishing press, Beijing http://www.51lunwen.com/language/2010/0413/lw201004130850416388.html http://wuxizazhi.cnki.net/CNKIVIEW/OnlineView1.aspx?filename=DYXT200807031*55-56*TOTAL*2uid= http://www.my1510.cn/article.php?id=5756ee55ad74c151 http://baike.baidu.com/view/300085.htm How to cite Different words, different conception: China English and Chinese English, Essay examples

Image Analysis “ Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst Essay Example For Students

Image Analysis â€Å" Andy Warhol and Damien Hirst Essay While I think these two artifacts offer multiple topics of interesting similarities I want to focus on the impact that society, technological developments, economic factors and armor innovations had on the artists. The main question I want to draw on in the essay on is how both of the artifacts raised questions at the times they were made because they both were so new and challenged previous styles and why the artists did this. Andy Warhol was an American artist, born in 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was one Of the founders Of the Pop Art movement. One Of the reasons that his work was so new and confused people, was because he was carrying on from the Abstract Expressionist movement and that was a very energetic way Of painting with large canvases and rapid. Pantones brush strokes completely different from the Pop Art style that Warhol used. The offs Pop Culture became very cool for young people and it was the beginning of pop music and think that is why Warhol became so famous because he epitomized the coolness of the new way of life; money, fame and uniqueness. Turquoise Marilyn, which is Acrylic and Silkscreen on Linen is part oaf series of more than twenty Marilyn silk-screens all of which were done in different colors. Warhol produced the Marilyn series the year after she died. The photograph to Marilyn that Andy Warhol used tort he whole Marilyn series was based on a publicity shot she had done for the 1953 movie Niagara although there have been many claims that another photograph of her with her head tilted sideways and with earrings on was used over the top of the other photograph but it has never been confirmed. Turquoise Marilyn has a turquoise background and her hair is bright yellow with the shadows in black. Warhol used very bright and bold colors in most of pieces; I think that this could be to show a symbol of strength about Monroe. In Turquoise Marilyn her face is pink while her lips are bright red and black and her eyelids are a blue color. The taffeta is around inches by 40 inches. The head of Marilyn takes up the majority of the image with her neck only showing half and going off the bottom. Her head looks as though it is slightly tilted upwards and her eyes are looking directly at the viewer. To me it is as though he was trying to bring her back for himself and all her fans as a way to keep her forever and especially the way he mass produced the silk-screens it was as though she had become a consumer product like something you could just buy in a shop. The pop Art movement, which Andy Warhol, along with many others, helped ring about in Britain and the LISA in the sass, was all about the want and need for mass-producing and the popular. During the 1 coos there was a world vide economic boom due to the post-war regeneration schemes. Many people who had lived through the rationing of World War TWO were now steadily becoming more affluent and this resulted in society changing and increases in production and consumption Of consumer goods. Pop Art reflected the societies mass- media culture of television, radio, movies and advertising. This is shown in Andy Whorls work. Many Of his pieces are Of famous brands or famous people such s Coca Cola, Brills, Marilyn Monroe and Michael Jackson along with many others these images all capture the media, fame and consumer obsessed culture that had become post WWW. .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 , .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .postImageUrl , .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 , .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:hover , .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:visited , .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:active { border:0!important; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:active , .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1 .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa318ca3e50285d476b6444e00bc32f1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cultural Analysis EssayTurquoise Marilyn is one of Andy Whorls most famous pieces of work. When he first started doing portraits he would paint each one at a time until he discovered Silk-screening and he was then able to mass-produce all of them which makes his work seem even more relevant as this line states In mass-producing images of everyday items such as soup cans and Marilyn Monomers, he questioned both authorship and the validity to uniqueness. He also firmed common American culture, and questioned what beyond art. (E Art Fair, 2008). The way that Warhol created the image using the silk-screening process meant that some of the lines were blotchy and her lips were slightly offset hut Warhol left them like it leading critics to see his portraits as quite impersonal as this quote states He impersonality his artwork as much as feasible. His most successful portraits of glamorous film star Marilyn Monroe showed a mask-like face which as an iconic and thus unreal quality to it (E Art Pair, 2008) and the art critic Robert Hughes said What they suggested was not the humbugging touch f the hand but the pervasiveness Of routine error and of 1997). From an early age Warhol was completely fascinated with Hollywood and the glamour that came With it Which is Why think he created the Marilyn series along with the many other stars he amortized in his paintings such as Elizabeth Taylor, Elvis Presley to name a few. The art critic Robert Hughes said he is the last of the truly successful social portraitists, climbing from face to face in a silent delirium of snobbery, a man so interested in elites that he has his own society magazine (Hughes, 1982) and this is clearly shown in the number f celebrity portraits he created. The magazine Warhol created was called Interview; in it were interviews with famous people from the worlds of fashion, film, art, and music along with many other elitists. This was the beginning of the culture to which our society has felt the need to know everything about famous peoples lives making us tee as though we are the same as them. The Marilyn series was not commissioned by anyone Warhol just decided he wanted to do it. Hint that the reason Warhol did so many to the Marlins was because to how much of an icon and sex symbol she was and I think he felt a sort of bond with ere as all they both ever wanted was the Hollywood fame and fortune as this quote says The Vatican L servomotor Romano put the blame on the general decline of morals, holding that Marilyn was the victim of a godless way of life in which Hollywood forced her to be the symbol (Luck, 1964). The place where Warhol created most of his art was called The Factory and it was a studio located on the fifth floor at 23 1 East 47th Street, in Midtown Manhattan, LISA. It was a very popular place where many extremely famous stars would hang out faith Warhol. There ever people such as Breastbones, Miscarriage, Edie Sedgwick, Lou Reed, Sterling Morrison, Maureen Tucker, and John Call along with many Others and Warhol would also make films in there of many things including people sleeping Which is where some people think the ideas for Big Brother came from as it is a look into peoples personal lives when they are at their weakest. Dampen Hirsh sis British artist born in Bristol, 1965. He is one of the prominent members of Young British Artists or Yaps who had a big impact on the art world during the 1 asss. Hirers work has always been very controversial but it is still very original. When Hirsh created For the love of God it was 2007 just before the recession and society was very greedy and money obsessed. .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d , .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .postImageUrl , .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d , .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:hover , .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:visited , .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:active { border:0!important; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:active , .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda011faf8d8c7901070e0584d1b18a3d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of "The Scream" EssayCelebrity culture was eve/here and people wanted the jet-set lifestyle that was being thrust in their faces through the media, think that is what Dampen Hirsh was trying to show through For the love to God by encrusting is with diamonds hes showing the cliche ©s of modern life as it cost over E 1 4 million to create and sold tort SO million. Dampen Hirers other work has included The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind festoon Living which a 14-foot long Tiger Shark preserved in Formaldehyde. When Hirsh created The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living in 2004 the economy in Britain was still thriving and it avgas by having a friendship with Charles Chitchats that he was actually able to create it. Charles Chitchats is an Art Collector and made his fortune through an advertising business with his brother in the sass, it is due to him sponsoring Dampen Hirsh along with many Others that Hirsh was able to break into the art world. For instance, Dampen Hirsh is a bad artist, but he is a very important bad artist, because hes bad in a big way that reflects a lot Of the bad wings about the art world and culture at large. (Hickey, 2007) this is a description Of Dampen Hirsh that shows the controversy surrounding him because some people feel as though his art is not art. The ways that both Andy Warhol and Dampen Hirsh worked off of the cliche ©s and idealism in their retrospective societies shows the similarities between them. Although from looking at both Andy Whorls and Dampen Hirers work together you cannot actually see any similarities, as Whorls are all flat paintings and Hirers are mainly ID, it is the similarities behind the meaning that I want to focus on. Both artists picked up on the power that the media have on people and they used it to their full advantage, Warhol new that the public wanted money, tame and the life-style of the rich and famous 50 thats what he concentrated on things that were popular. Hirsh also concentrates on the way the public sees money as a status, with all of his pieces costing millions to create. In conclusion I feel that both Andy Warhol and Dampen Hirsh were innovators of their times. They both knew exactly what the public wanted and although they were often received controversially they both stuck at what they thought to be eight and I think it paid off. They both worked off of the fame hungry and money obsessed cultures that our society has become.

Teacher`s Portrait Essays - Educators, Laura Dern, Teacher, Teaching

Teacher`s Portrait "How about I believe in the unlucky ones? If I don't I'd probably go crazy."(Laura Dern, October Sky) This could arguably be the most important line in the entire movie, in my opinion. This teacher recognizes the potential in every student, not only the ones with visible ability. This, I would hope, would be the goal of every teacher. Teachers have the greatest gift in the world - - the ability to help shape a student's life. Recognized and appreciated he or she can use that to present a world of opportunities to those who may not have had any. This was true in "October Sky"; the "Rocket Boys" were from a small failing mining community, where little expectations were placed on them and even less opportunities were available. When Dern's character was accused of giving the boys false hopes she held her grounds and continued to support the boys. This to me is an example of a great teacher, one who will continue to do what he or she thinks is right regardless of whether it earns her the disapproval of the rest of the staff. The movie "October Sky" gives a very positive representation of a teacher. She is a role model, a friend, a source of information, a defender, and a fighter. She is portrayed as compassionate, understanding, and very beneficial in keeping the students directed toward their goals. This would seem to say that teachers need these qualities in order to fully relate to their students. A teacher can not only be there for informational needs, but must also stand behind her students and be prepared to defend their rights to discover themselves. A teacher should be prepared to recognize hidden potential; it is in almost every student. This is a difficult task, especially if the student also brings great adversity, however, it is not impossible; Dern's character realized this. Every teacher will have a student in their classroom with hidden ability; despite the student's possibility for greatness, the great teacher will be measured by her ability to see the potential inside that student.

How to Block a Play and Give Stage Directions

How to Block a Play and Give Stage Directions Blocking is the theater term for the actors’ movements on the stage during the performance of the play or the musical. Every move that an actor makes (walking across the stage, climbing stairs, sitting in a chair, falling to the floor, getting down on bended knee) falls under the larger term â€Å"blocking.† Who Blocks? Typically, the play’s director determines the actors’ movements and positions on stage. Some directors â€Å"pre-block† scenes- map out the actors’ movements outside of rehearsal and then give the actors their blocking. Some directors work with the actors during rehearsal and make blocking decisions by having the actors perform the movements. These directors try a variety of movements and stage positions to see what works, make adjustments, and then set the blocking. Other directors, especially when they work with experienced actors during rehearsals, ask the actors to follow their instincts about when to move and the blocking becomes a collaborative work. Playwrights May Provide Blocking In some plays, the playwright provides blocking notes in the text of the script. American playwright Eugene O’Neill wrote detailed stage directions that include not only movements but notes on the characters’ attitudes and emotions as well. An example from Act I Scene 1 of Long Day’s Journey Into Night. Edmund’s dialogue is accompanied by stage directions in italics: EDMUNDWith sudden nervous exasperation.O for God’s sake, Papa. If you’re starting that stuff again, I’ll beat it.He jumps up.I left my book upstairs anyway.He goes to the front parlor saying disgustedly,God, Papa, I think you’d get sick of hearing yourself.He disappears. Tyrone looks after him angrily. Some directors remain true to the stage directions provided by the playwright in the script, but directors and actors are not bound to follow those directions in the way that they are bound to use the playwright’s dialogue strictly as written. The words the actors speak must be delivered precisely as they appear in the script. Only with the playwright’s specific permission may lines of dialogue be changed or omitted. It is not imperative, however, to adhere to the playwright’s blocking ideas. Actors and directors are free to make their own movement choices.​ Some directors appreciate scripts with detailed stage directions. Other directors prefer scripts with little to no blocking ideas within the text. Basic Functions of Blocking Ideally, blocking should enhance the story on the stage by: Reflecting the authentic behavior of the characters- a character’s movements can reveal just as much and sometimes more than his or her words do.Reflecting the relationships between and among characters.Giving the focus to certain characters at appropriate moments (helping the audience know where to look.)Allowing the audience to see what they are supposed to see and not what is meant to be hidden- either as part of the play or an accidental peek backstage.Creating effective stage pictures- strong, pleasing, horrific- that convey the meanings and moods of the play.Making effective use of the set. Blocking Notation Once a scene has been blocked, the actors must execute the same movements during rehearsals and performances. Thus, actors must memorize their blocking as well as their lines. During blocking rehearsals, most actors use a pencil to note blocking in their scripts- so if the blocking changes, the pencil marks can be erased and the new blocking noted. Actors and directors use a â€Å"shorthand† for blocking notation. Rather than write out â€Å"Walk downstage right and stand behind (or upstage) the sofa,† however, an actor would make notes using abbreviations. Any stage movement from one area of the stage to another is called a â€Å"cross,† and a quick way to indicate cross is to use an â€Å"X.† So, an actor’s blocking note the above blocking could look like this: â€Å"XDR to US of sofa.†

International law. The case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International law. The case - Essay Example Natural products are fetching ever more precious in today's society. An important part of the shopper market is persuaded that natural products are linked with security and health, while artificial products are linked to unwanted side effects. In reaction to this trend, significant shifts are happening in many industrial sectors, such as food, drink, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, mostly because of rising feelings of the benefits of "lifestyle in agreement with nature". Since gathering consumer wants and expectations are of main significance for companies' competitiveness, there is a "gold race" for the use of natural elements as raw materials to expand a broad diversity of products. According to the Expert Ferreira, the "green wave" has led therapeutic plant sharing companies to seek "new products", with a sight to supplying the increasing demand in this market. Certainly, the similar thinking could be extensive to other industrial sectors intimately connected to human health, hygiene and food. This is the cause why rising countries abruptly discover themselves in the attention because of the sometimes huge biodiversity of plants rising within their boundaries. According to the Constitution of the United States gives Congress the authority to pass laws connecting to patents, in Article I, section 8, which reads "Congress shall have power to endorse the development of science and helpful arts, by securing for imperfect times to authors and inventors the elite right to their individual writings and discoveries." (US Constitution online, 2006) Under this authority Congress has from time to time enacted a range of laws relating to patents. The first patent law was enacted in 1790. The patent laws underwent a universal revision which was enacted July 19, 1952, and which came into result January 1, 1953. It is codified in Title 35, United States Code. As well, on November 29, 1999, Congress enacted the American Inventors Protection Act of 1999 (AIPA), which more revised the patent laws. See Public Law 106-113, 113 Stat. 1501 (1999). The patent law specifies the topic substance for which a patent may be obtained and the conditions for patentabili ty. The law establishes the United States Patent and Trademark Office to administer the law connecting to the yielding of patents and contains a range of other provisions linking to patents (Ray, 2003). A product can not be patented if any information is already available about it in any domestic or international level journals. So giving patent rights to Omni was wrong and the request for revocation should be granted as information was available in journal articles present in the libraries of state Y. Patents on Natural Products Investments in study and development are closely related to the hope of obtaining rights over the results, in order to recompense for the money spent throughout the work, which can be important through many years of study. Thus, given the spirited nature of modern life, it has become essential to offer incentives for study and growth

Strategic Marketing Planning of S&W and Makatume Assignment

Strategic Marketing Planning of S&W and Makatume - Assignment Example The high consumer demand gives the opportunity to the company to charge higher prices, be better placed in retailers' shelf space and have co-op advertising. Weaknesses = its costs are high since its old production plants are in urban areas whereas labor costs are high. Another weakness is that there is a market confusion between it's professional and consumer tools. The distributors, on the other hand, feel that the company has abused its market position. A further weakness is that S&W is not present in the fast-growing cordless segment. Opportunities = Makatume is locked into lower voltages so there is enough space for S&W to enter the high voltage space. There is also space for the lower voltage market since apart from Makatume, the other players are small companies (domestic and foreign niche competitors). Makatume's position was also due to the favorable exchange rates but the exchange rate forecast for the next years is not that favorable. Threats = Makatume has a good reputation in tradesmen for its professional tools. Makatume follows an aggressive strategy and its aim is to become the No2 player in the US market. It has also a dominant market share in the growing cordless segment. The primary step will cost reduction so as S&W can become more competitive and survive competition from cheaper producers such as Makatume and the Chinese. The production plants through offshoring should move to countries where labor costs are lower. However, S&W should take care that the quality of products manufactured in foreign plants should be equivalent to the ones produced locally. The old production plants, on the other hand, could be used for other business purposes (e.g. premises) or at least they could be rent.Another weakness is the market confusion for consumer and professional tools. Since S&W advertises heavily then it can make a clear positioning of the above tools in its advertisements. There should be market researches done prior and post the advertising campaigns which will check the degree of confusion in the minds of consumers.  

Critically discuss the centrality of anthropology to colonial Essay

Critically discuss the centrality of anthropology to colonial domination of africa through the lens of a positivists and imperialist approach to domination, rather than a critical and dialectical - Essay Example Imperialism and colonialism have been used interchangeably in defining the relationship between Africa and Britain. Brtisch Empire occupied many territories in Africa (Erickson & Murphy, 2008). European Colonial rule in Africa spans from the late 1800s up till the Second World War. Since the advent of the Europeans in Africa, anthropology has largely been seen from the perspective of the outsiders and the view that the colonial power was projecting across. Therefore, anthropology in Africa could not flourish to its complete entirety. In fact, anthropology in Africa greatly suffered as a result of the domination of the imperial powers. When anthropology of different cultures was started being studied in the late 1800s, Africa’s contribution to the economic system was not considered and therefore it remained largely untouched by anthropologists for a long period of time. There were no anthropological researches conducted in Africa up till the Second World War. When anthropologis ts started conducting cultural studies in Africa, there methods were largely criticized at not being reliable and comprehensive enough. Thus, anthropology in Africa could not receive its due share of research. The development of anthropology in Africa during the Colonial rule was also undermined due to the image projected by the colonizers abroad. European contact was taken as a representation of Africa (Wehrs, 2008). Child pornography and the publicity of the extremely dire economic circumstances the African community was afflicted with, like poverty, lack of infrastructure etc. had an adverse effect on anthropological studies. Another reason that influenced the development of anthropology in Africa is due to the projection by the Europeans about the illiteracy and savagery of the Africans. Post-colonial rehabilitation of anthropology hence becomes difficult. This is partly because Africa still remains undeveloped and can not debunk the stigmatized

Analysis of Ti Tonic

Analysis of Ti Tonic Submitted by : Anubhav Singh   Ã‚   INTRODUCTION Ti-Tonics are propelled mixes of characteristic tea concentrates, fiber and plant polyphenols, intended to extinguish your thirst and sustain your body. Polyphenols are natures most intense cancer prevention agents and protectants.Its one of its kind products in the world in which the ingredients come from the wine making industry and fuse them to the beverage. Ti Tonic is injected with New Zealand grape seed that is normally removed utilizing our 100% Aqua Pure ® prepare that utilizations just water to extricate the bioactives from these organic prfoduct. This implies the bioactives are separated in their regular shape and not harmed by solvents, or brutal concoction extraction strategies. Whats more no substance or dissolvable buildups are in the last item. Solidify drying of the last item guarantees the movement of the concentrates is kept up and not pulverized.(Whats special, ti-tonics.com) Currently major export market is Australia. Ti Tonics won award of Best Tea Beverage by NZJBA which is New Zealand Juice and Beverage Association. Products offered by Ti Tonics are : Pomegranate Super Tea Blueberry Super Tea Passion Super Tea Mango Super Tea Nectarine Super Tea My market analysis will be conducted in India which is second Largest in terms of population after China. Market Research Analysis Tool I will be using PESTEL for this market research as PESTLE investigation is a market examination apparatus that considers outside variables that can influence a business. It gives a bird eye viewpoint of the whole environment from an extensive variety of focuses that one needs to check and screen while pondering on a particular idea/plan. PESTLE is the abbreviation which, when expanded stands for: P PoliticalE EconomicalS SocialT TechnologicalL LegalE Environmental POLITICAL: India Vote based system is the point of convergence of the Indian political framework, however is frequently compelled by social strains because of religious, position and semantic differences. India is the biggest vote based country on the planet and standards of popular government are profoundly dug in the Indian political framework. Indian assorted qualities is reflected in the elected political structure of government, where power is shared amongst states and the inside.Foreign Policy: After a time of unmistakable comrade/communist predisposition, India has step by step warmed up to Western Europe, the US and numerous other outside nations. India is likewise taking a shot at unhindered commerce assentions (FTA) with Canada and the EU to change exchange encourage and fortify its two-sided associations with the two districts. New Zealand- New Zealands political framework has a relative representation framework that gives rise to chance to both the gender; male and females. The nation has high scores in the World Bank administration pointers for 2014, which shows a solid democratic set-up and political security in the nation.The nation is additionally executing the New Zealand Inc. technique, which plans to enhance the nations outer export and import through strong foreign relations. The technique is relied upon to cover India, China, ASEAN, Australia and the Gulf Cooperation Chamber (MarketLine,2015) OBSERVATION:India is a political stable country; a relentless government does not mull over authoritative issues to effect business. On the other hand possibly it makes decisions and controls that pads relationship from political unbalanced attributes. There wont be any political danger in introduce this new healthy organic tea to Indian markets. ECONOMICAL FACTORS : INDIA Second largest workforce in the world India is home to the second biggest workforce, which is relied upon to increment altogether throughout the following four decades. This gives India a critical edge over contenders, for example, China. According to Survey, India a haven of stability amidst gloomy global economic landscape (Economic Times,2016) Global Workforce (millions),2014-19 Size of workforce in 2014Size of workforce in 2019   Ã‚   China 706.8 683.9 India 437.4 472.2 United States 136.0 140.7 Brazil 94.3 98.7 Russian Federation 66.2 66.7 Source Market Line Developed equity marketIndian value showcase has indicated enormous change throughout the years, on account of the control by SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India). SEBI is the controller of securities market in India. Indian value markets have ended up world class, all because of the push towards progression and strong control. Indian value markets have been named as one of the best in Asia, and the current governments push to open up the economy, has made the business sectors look all the more alluring. Securities exchange capitalization as a rate of GDP has ascended over the current years.( http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/bsi/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=21sid=b961b8a7-3983-4024-bcd9-636fef4e0edd%40sessionmgr101hid=124 ) New Zealand Resilient banking sector: The country has an adaptable keeping cash zone that weathered the overall fiscal crisis well. As of November 2014, there were 25 enrolled banks in the country. Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Auckland Savings Bank, Bank of New Zealand, Kiwibank, and Westpac are the five essential trading banks. Out of the total enrolled banks, ten enlisted banks work in the country as branches of abroad consolidate banks.(PESTLE NZ) OBSERVATION- This information demonstrates that Indian economy steady and developing, it will be proposed to be a decent market for this sort of business. SOCIAL FACTORS: India-India is the most populous nation in the world after china with more than 1.2bn people.Current strength with social aspects are urrent quality with social perspectives are the developing extent of youthful people. The middle age in India was 27.3 years in 2015(CIA The World Fact book). Around 94.05% of Indias populace was assessed to be less than 65 years of age. Besides, 65.96% of the populace was assessed to be in the working-age gathering of 15-64 around the same time. Indian individuals put stock in enormous and rumoured brands. So they will incline toward huge and most presumed brand. New Zealand-The social scene of the nation is solid with a streamlined social welfare framework, human services administrations, and education. The nation has scored high on human advancement through great levels of social insurance, education, and salary. Future during childbirth is 80.90 years for the aggregate populace starting at 2014(country PESTLE, MarketLine, 2015). Newborn child death rate remained at 4.6 for every 1,000 live births in 2014, which has been an astounding accomplishment (CIA-The World Factbook).As per the UNDP Human Development Report 2014, the HDI for the nation is 0.910 and it is positioned seventh among 187 nations, a solid accomplishment.New Zealand also holds a strong educational sector which reflects in the high enrolment rates of 5-14 year-olds, which was at 100% in 2013(OECD Economic Survey, 2015). OBSERVATION:Ti Tonic will not face much difficulties in launching their product as there are more of younger population in India and they always look forward to try something good which is good in taste and healthier as well. TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS : India- India has gained critical ground in the innovation segment. This is reflected by a sizable increment in the quantity of innovation establishments and number of licenses affirmed in the nation. Solid advance has been made in the telecom, IT, and IT-empowered administrations parts, and the nation has gotten worldwide acknowledgment in these regions. Despite the fact that India was a late starter in the biotech area, it has now settled a strong global reputation.In spite of the fact that the administration has been proactive in its endeavours to empower development in the innovation part, the nations Research and development consumption at 0.8% of GDP is much lower than that of other developing markets, for example, Brazil and China.( Country PESTLE, Market Line, 2015). As a result, Indias extent of cutting edge made fares, which are items with high RD power, has slacked behind its associates.India lacks in term of developed countries, as major population lives in rural areas so India needs to push to urban infrastructure and able to provide proper power supply to the sectors and develop its weak sections like high transportation costs , storage problems and not living up to the standards units food and beverage industry. New Zealand-New Zealand is very much furnished with institutional abilities for advancement and RD. Be that as it may; the low RD use is likewise reflected in the low number of licenses granted to the nation. The administration has reacted to the languor in development with specific measures. These are probably going to be viable over the long haul.(Country PESTLE, Market Line, 2015). Strengths of the New Zealand technological sector are institutional capabilities for innovation and strong ICT sector (Information and communications technology. OBSERVATION Organization needs to make suitable courses of action so as to profit appropriate mechanical offices with a specific end goal to defeat high transportation cost, sporadic power supply and capacity issues. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS : India Indias developing populace has put an inordinate weight on characteristic assets, for example, water, backwoods, sand, rocks and minerals, and nature. Quick urbanisation and industrialisation has bothered the issues of contamination and appropriate sanitation, representing a genuine risk to biodiversity. An inordinate dependence on fossil powers for the expanding vitality requests of the countrys enormous populace has expanded Indias share of worldwide nursery outflows. Truth be told, the air in a large portion of the urban communities in India is perilously contaminated.Climate Action Plan India while submitting its climate action plan to the United Nation body in Bonn, Germany, in October 2015, made a commitment to increase its share of clean energy to 40% of its total energy, by 2030(India PESTLE report, MarketLine 2015) It pledged to fight the climate change by taking the energy efficient route and by systematically cutting down its emission intensity. It also clarified t he assistance that it requires from the developed world in face of technology transfer and cheaper access to international finance, including the Green Climate Fund. New Zealand- New Zealands natural issues are very much overseen, with different approaches being executed for ecological protection. The nation has arrangements checking air quality, biodiversity, environmental change, vitality, risky substances, and asset administration and wastage control. The nation has taken numerous activities to enhance its air quality and has set up new gauges under the National Ecological Standard on Air Quality to empower the business to accomplish larger amount of consistence. OBSERVATION:India being biodiversity , and its own well renowned vineyards- SULA Vineyards, Nashik, the manufacturing of Ti Tonics can be carried out as the main ingredients come from the vineyards, so this can also reduce the export and import cost to the country. LEGAL: Rules and Regulations- Government goes ahead with a proposal to levy a steep 40% goods and services tax (GST) on such beverages (The Economic Times, December 5, 2015).due to increasing health diseases. Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has chosen to take 2% for exports and 1% for domestic sales on the utilization of foreign exchange check and brand name. Organization that is framed in India by non-natives are subject to pay the expense same as some other residential organization i.e. 33.66% Food And Health Safety: INDIA- FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India Recently due to presence of lead in the Maggi which is the product of renowned company Nestle, FSSAI banned the maggi in India which costed Nestle $67 million. (Erika, F. April 2016) NEW ZEALAND- NZBC (New Zealand Beverage Council) According to a recent article Govt take all important measures to keep its food and beverage standards high and up to the mark. Recently A minister has suggested that the recent outbreak of white spot disease that has threatened to destroy a third of Australias farmed prawn industry could be blamed on seafood importers knowingly selling diseased goods which is now being taken care of. (FSANZ, Jan 2017).Also, New Zealand government is likewise wanting to acquaint assess on beverages with confine the measure of sugar devoured by youngsters (Broughton C, 2016). Observation- As Tonic Ti will be presented in India, it need to stay aware of all the new standards and controls and furthermore, This can influence the cost and this will specifically influence the offers of the item. SIMILARITIES AND CLASHES: BACKGROUND TO INDIA-NEW ZEALAND TRADE : New Zealand has a longstanding and amicable association with India, strengthened by regular social connections, for example, a typical dialect, popularity based conventions, and donning relations. Truly be that as it may, this relationship has not brought about exchange extension between them.In 1986, a Trade Agreement amongst India and New Zealand was marked which accommodated the foundation of a Joint Business Council and a Joint Trade Committee ((New Zealand High Commission to India). India has received a Look East arrangement, and has joined cooperation in territorial foundations, for example, the East Asia Summit (EAS) and the ASEAN Regional Forum (MFAT, 2010). This has implied that India and New Zealand are associating all the more consistently in the provincial setting. Indias Share in World Trade Source UN Comtrade Database New Zealands Share in World Trade Source UN Comtrade Database As of now respective exchange streams amongst India and New Zealand are at beneath anticipated that levels analyzed would the worldwide exchange profiles of both nations as uncovered through exchange streams. Respective exchange is additionally limited to a tight scope of items. Regardless of the way that there is impressive potential to both increment and expand exchange given the exchange complementarities that exist between the two nations that so far remain moderately undiscovered.The stunning growth of China and India since 1990s has basic impact on trade. These economies considerable markets with bewildering advancement and related open entryways give the associations and associations dynamic business open entryways and additionally have given unrivalled wander returns. The little size of the New Zealand grandstand makes for it more obligatory, to find and explore exporting and international investment opportunities. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) :It alludes to the amount of the cash expected to buy a given unit of a good, or basic set of merchandise and enterprises. Purchasing power is unmistakably dictated by the relative average cost for basic items and swelling rates in various nations. Acquiring power equality implies levelling the purchasing power of two monetary nations by considering these averages cost for living and swelling contrasts (Economics online). 17.00 Indian Rupee is proportional to one US Dollar in regards to purchasing power in 2014. (World Bank Report) GNI Per capita Income for India (market conversion scale) $ 1610 If we talk about both the countries, the purchasing power differences between both are as follow respectively: New Zealand holds 62 rank worldwide in terms of the GDP Purchasing Power which is 168,187 (billions of $)(Revoly, 2015) Source mecometer.com GDP Purchasing Power Parity of India secures 3rd rank worldwide in terms of Purchasing Power which is 8,642,758 (billions of $).(Revoly, 2015) Source mecometer.com The above figures clearly shows that the India holds a lead in terms of purchasing power and launching a new business in India can be a good idea and can get a fortune in returns if scaled properly. Clashes that the company might face while entering the Indian market are: Existing competitors in the market like organic India. Convincing people to use organic products. Many people still believe in good old taste and production. Due to religion, some might not prefer as it contains ingredients from vineyards. Targeting the right segment with right pitch. TARGET MARKET: As the product offered by the company is organic, the target audience would be different. It is important for the company to understand who their target audience would be. For this particular product it is important for the company to target the niche market or niche consumers in the society.The target audience could also be the educated society or the younger population. As India has a large population of young and educated people. It would important for the company target this audience.Also, the younger generation is more health conscious that the other segments of the society. It gives the company an opportunity to enter the market using this target audience. Also the product being expensive it is important for them to market the product to the people who can afford it and have the disposable income for it.The company should focus on the consumers of Tier 1 and tier 2 cities of India. Demographic: Understanding demographics assumes a urgent part for an organisation to go into another market ,Being second biggest on the planet after China regarding populace, with larger part of youthful era need to focus on the this dominant part as this portion is more well being cognizant and alongside focusing on the speciality fragment. when we are discussing the demographics for India , an organic must be exceptionally cautious in comprehension the particulars An new entry segment needs demographics to distinguish the perfect shopper for his item or benefits and create promoting techniques, for example, item bundling, notices, business area and estimating.The long-term story for Indian food consumption is promising, as a young and increasing population, coupled with rising incomes, will drive growth.The government is effectively looking for interest in the herbal and organic industries, proposing that organizations communicating an intrigue would be allowed an extremely liberal speculation atmosphere. Below is the graph to get a better view of Indians expenditure on non alcoholic drinks : Occupation The primary focus of our item is youth populace and the general population who are working since short time. As indicated by results 19,948(000) are the youthful era. this era is dependably favour well being cognisant beverages. So this can be a positive flag to offer our item to our objective market. (Choudaha, 2012) Geographical :One of the main factors that the group could use in their division technique is geographic. This would permit the group to break the market into areas by atmosphere, density, market size, etc. Many organizations utilize atmosphere if their items or administrations depend on the climate.India being well positioned on the globe, experience all the seasons.Geographical front will not affect our product much as its a organic tea product which comes with different flavours so it can be consumed in any time of the season. The interest in healthy drinks in the urban business sector has developed at 22% CAGR in the course of recent years, while the comparing figure for rural markets is 18% CAGR (compound annual growth rate). (Sharma,2016). Psychographic And Human Behaviour : Psychographic Segmentation is utilized for the most part to focus on a specific gathering from inside a population. Psychographic Segmentation is one which utilizes people groups way of life, their exercises, premiums and also sentiments to characterize a market portion. Psychographic Segmentation is very like behavioral division. Be that as it may, Psychographic Segmentation additionally takes the mental parts of purchaser purchasing conduct into records. These mental perspectives might be buyers way of life, his social remaining and additionally his AIO. (Bhasin, 2016) Lifestyle: India involves majority of young population. Yet, the way of life of todays youth is changing from partying to more into stay fit and healthy and this gets in favour of following healthy diet and food habits.This is the best time to promote this unique organic drink into Indian market. Social Class:Distinctive purchasers fall in various social classes. This depends for the most part on their purchasing power. The purchasing force is influenced by the foundation of the client, his salary and in addition his ways of managing money. The client will dependably purchase to keep up his social class. Subsequently being organic product, this remains in the niche segment, Ti Tonic need to remember both Lifestyle and additionally social class. COMMUNICATION METHODS: Digital Marketting : Online networking is exceptionally being used nowadays. Online advancements should be possible through Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, Blogger etc. We can make online journals, we can make page on Facebook and Twitter. This will help us to showcase our items among paople populace. Posting advancements on locales that get overwhelming human collaboration is one way to deal with get the word out about your business, for instance, we can utilize Facebook or MySpace having broadcasting programs with advancements exceptionally fitted to a particular statistic populace. These ads seem just nearby profiles that meet the motivations behind your things target business division. In like manner, we can utilize Google AdWords organization to post online promotions this administration is exceptionally to post advertisements Television Advertisements :T.V business are the most ideal approach to showcase any item to the intended interest group. Relationship of the item with a prestigious individual, snappy jingles, appealing state of being or serious feeling makes a strong mental relationship in the customer. In India individuals appreciate watching cricket coordinates, the promoting this item around then is the most ideal approach to draw in more clients. Print Media / Publications :News papers are the most settled kind of print media. They are all things considered taken at home, or are open at daily paper slows down, and it is the most sensible way to deal with accomplishes a huge mass of people quickly. There are numerous daily paper as per the populace. As we are focusing on youth populace we can pick the new paper that Is for the most part utilized by youth populace. This can help us to achieve an ever increasing number of clients. Boards have for the most part become mechanized, in any case they qualify under the class of print media after each one of, and the notices are imprinted on the release. These fuse substance and design generally as a blend in order to make it all the all the more captivating. Boards can be shown on the streets, under bridge, in some occasion. Sponsorship :Advancing your thing event sponsorship can take various structures. You may get a certification in the event program, have an on area territory where you can give out example of the item, or your association logo may appear on the publications around the scene. The most ideal approach to elevate the item to youth populace is to print the logo on the uniform of cricket group or football group. By supporting an occasion the logo of the item can be imprinted on the ticket of that occasion. This will draw in the general population for the item. CONCLUSION: The report demonstrates key model and factors that should be considered while entering into a market. PESTEL has given us overview of both the countries and where they stand in terms of feasibility to do business. Choosing India as an entry market could be beneficial for the company because of its large population and increasing awareness among people regarding health and awareness.By doing PESTEL for working together on Indian market, we have inferred that there are numerous many points of interest with few impediments.Taking a gander at Political and lawful, India government is arranging forced laws and assessments to make individuals devour less sugar sweetened drink, if these laws and expenses will be forced then it is less demanding to work together in Indian market. Looking at soundness of nation, there wont be any issue with respect to this point as India is a stable economy.In Economical element PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) is most essential things in perspective of GDP. The discovering demonstrates that PPP of India is route superior to New Zealand. This can be sure flag for selling our product.As indicated by the reviews, natural items will be most ideal items in not so distant future in Indian market, so this will favourable position for the organisation to offer it in Indian market. In India individuals are more worry about their well being in perspective of devouring beverages and refreshments. Individuals dont incline toward more sugar sweetened beverages. Government is likewise spreading mindfulness about this issue, this can be a major favourable position to offer the item. Taste is the most critical issue in attempting any new item. In India individuals dont want to attempt another flavor so this can be somewhat testing to get more purchasers. Looking at the market analysis results, we can conclude that YES we can do business in India. http://www.ti-tonics.com/ http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/proposal-of-40-gst-on-aerated-drinks-tobacco-could-severely-hit-both-sectors/articleshow/50046110.cms http://www.nzbc.nz/industry/news.asp# Economic Times, 2016 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/economic-survey-2016-india-a-haven-of-stability-amidst-gloomy-global-economic-landscape/articleshow/51151707.cms India pestle http://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?T=PP=ANK=113278756S=RD=buhEbscoContent=dGJyMNXb4kSepq84xNvgOLCmr0%2BeprBSsKa4TbaWxWXSContentCustomer=dGJyMPGotkiwq7JRuePfgeyx4Ivn NZ PESTLE http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.auckland.ac.nz/bsi/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=35921c1e-bdb0-4624-afc1-d13c0593b08a%40sessionmgr104vid=3hid=124 OECD New Zealand Economic Surveys-http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/New-Zealand-2015-overview.pdf MFAT Evaluation report 2010-https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/aid-and-development/our-approach-to-aid/evaluation-and-research/evaluation-reports-2010/ Economics online http://www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Purchasing_power_parity.html PPP conversion factor, GDP (LCU per international $). (n.d.). Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?locations=IN List of countries by GDP- PPPhttps://www.revolvy.com/topic/List%20of%20countries%20by%20GDP%20(PPP)item_type=topic Dr. Statistics on Indian Higher Education 2012-2013. (n.d.). Retrieved from htt

The Relationship between Hamlet and the Bible. Essay -- GCSE Coursewor

The Relationship between Hamlet and the Bible.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It may appear that anything could be twisted into a typological pattern. Such interpretations appear to suffer from the structuralist faults of skating too lightly over actual texts, ignoring details that cannot be forced into a preconceived mold, and robbing narratives of their concrete shapes through abstraction. I would stress that there is more to Shakespeare than typology, but I would also insist that typology is often an important part of his drama. To make this claim plausible, however, requires more detailed attention to the text of his plays. In what follows, I will call attention to the textual and dramatic details that justify a typological reading of Hamlet. Claudius's murder of King Hamlet, the act catalyzing the drama of the play, is presented as a  sin of primordial character and cosmic implications. Claudius confesses that his fratricide parallels the murder of Abel: O, my offense is rank, it smells to heaven; It hath the primal eldest curse upon 't, A brother's murder (3.3.36-38). Hamlet's description of his psychological condition at the beginning of the play pushes the imagery back to the beginning of biblical history: How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! Fie on 't! Ah fie! 'Tis an unweeded garden, That grows to seed; things rank and gross in nature Possess it merely (1.2.135-37). Claudius has not only committed fratricide, but regicide. The king being peculiarly the image of God, regicide is a kind of deicide. At least, it is an act of rebellion against divine authority. Claudius is thus not only Cain but Adam.(7) Claudius's sin has, for Hamlet at least, turned Denma... ...y identical to all the other links." (A Theater of Envy, p. 273). Works Cited Erlich, Avi. 1977. Hamlet's Absent Father. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Fineman, Joel. 1980. 'Fratricide and Cuckoldry: Shakespeare's Doubles.' In Representing Shakespeare: New Psychoanalytic Essays, edited by Coppelia Kahn and Murray M. Schwarz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 70-109. Fleissner, Robert. 1982. ' "Sullied" Or "Solid": Hamlet's Flesh Once More.' Hamlet Studies 4:92-3. Fowler, Alastair. 1987. 'The Plays Within the Play of Hamlet.' In 'Fanned and Winnowed Opinions': Shakespearean Essays Presented to Harold Jenkins, edited by John W. Mahon and Thomas A. Pendleton. London and New York: Methuen. Freud, Sigmund. 1953-74. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works. 24 vols, trans. James Stachey. London: Hogarth.   

On the Brand Elements of Vodafone

Vodafone India has an integrated marketing strategy to ensure that they reach the maximum customer base and provide a number of touch points for the user. The sales and distribution of Vodafone products is done through their dedicated outlets as well as other outlets, small shops and stores. Vodafone has set up similar format Vodafone stores all over India to give their consumers a seamless and coherent experience wherever they maybe.At the same time a number of mini stores ensure that the customers have more number of places to resolve their minor problems and enquiries. These also provide a venue for the customers to settle their bill dues immediately. Vodafone India also pushes its sim cards through general retailers and pays them a small margin on the sale of each sim card. Post paid consumers are given offers and upgrade schemes to ensure that the company maintains a relationship with them. Thus the sales and distribution aspects of Vodafone in India are taken care by Dedicated outlets:Mini outlets Retail shops Mobile shopsThe marketing communications of Vodafone are typically very up market and generally the positioning is such that amongst the masses Vodafone is perceived as an aspirational brand. With a focus on the â€Å"Power To You† positioning all the current advertisements of Vodafone are focusing on picturization of the benefit that the consumer will get once he becomes a Vodafone customer. The marketing communications always depict Vodafone as a young and up market brand. The TV advertisements of Vodafone are always targeted at ensuring that the customer can understand the benefit that they want to offer.Vodafone typically does not emphasize strongly on print ads and radio ads. Although at the times of important tie ups and events one can see single page ads in the newspapers, magazines etc as well as small audio clips on the radio network. Vodafone uses the events platform as a promotion tool. Events like IPL which are sure to grab eye ba lls are sponsored by Vodafone and large scale TV advertising is done to ensure that the customer may avail IPL related services on his handset. Currently Vodafone has combined with the highest TRP grossing Big Boss and is providing a chance to the customers to visit the Big Boss house.AdvertisingVodafone lays special emphasis on creative advertising. They came up with the highly successful zoo zoo campaign which became a hit with all the consumers. All their ads clearly portray the benefit for the user and are done in such a way such as to induce good brand recall. Television advertising is a major tool used by Vodafone to push its brand as well as the promotions that they are coming up with. From time to time they use other media like print and radio also to push their product or offering to the masses.EventsVodafone ties up with a number of events which are designed to create daily or special brand related interactions. They generally combine with high popularity TV shows and even ts which provides them good eye balls and ensures that a particular number of people always view what they have to offer. Vodafone emphasizes more on above the line activity. Their strong  financial background ensures that they can pump in their money in such events and ensure a strong brand recall.Interactive MarketingVodafone is making extensive use of the online segment to involve more and more consumers with the brand. They have a presence on all the social networking sites and are providing special offers on those pages as well. A number of users can connect with the brand and talk , discuss about the various aspects of the brand online itself. They periodically keep revising the promotional offer advertisement that they put up on such pages. They are providing their entire range of products, service and promotion related information on these sites.Vodafone Communication Strategies:Brand ElementsBrand elements are those trademarked devices that serve to identify and different iate the brand. These are also sometimes known as brand identities. Items like brand name, logo, mnemonics, characters, spokespersons, slogans and jingles are some items that can be characterized as brand elements. All or most of them are trademarked and registered by the parent company of the brand and these are what appear in front of the consumer in the brand’s communication and help increase recall of the brand as these are things that the consumers remember a brand by it.According to theory, there are some specific criteria which need to be kept in mind while deciding on the brand elements. These are points which when satisfied help in serving the full purpose of having brand elements. Some of these criteria are:1. Memorable – These elements should be easily recognized and can be easily recalled.2. Meaningful – If not all then most of the brand elements should have a meaning and should associated in some or the other way with the culture and values of the b rand.3. Likeable – In simple terms brand elements should be fun, interesting or may be aesthetically pleasing so that the consumers like it and attach positive connotations with these elements.4. Transferable – Brand elements need to be the same for different markets and geographies, for different product or service categories. So transferability across these boundaries is critical.5. Adaptable – They must be flexible and the company should be able to update them as and when required.6. Protectable – They should be legally protected from counterfeiting and copyrights violation. Brand Name – VodafoneVodafone is one of the biggest telcom operators in the world along with other big names like Bharti Airtel, Idea and AT&T. It carries with itself a reputation of being one of the finest telecom service providers across the world and the name carries an element of desire with it. In India, the brand was earlier known as Vodafone Essar, due to the parent c ompany’s holding pattern. However, Essar has been a business name since long in the country and is associated with other businesses as well.So the â€Å"Essar† part was done away with and the brand name is now â€Å"Vodafone†. It being a foreign brand attracts consumers and the consumers already on the subscriber list feel proud to be associated with a big international brand. It is easy in terms of memorability and meaning and having a long history attached to it along with the geographies Vodafone is now operating in, it has proved its adaptability and transferability. Brand LogoVodafone calls it the â€Å"Speechmark Logo†. It is a quotation mark in a circle. The quotation marks before and end of a conversation is depicted in the logo and Red color has been its corporate color for long.The name is written below the design. It is the same logo as is used globally although in some areas like Portugal Vodafone has used a different logo. This is vital as it shows to the consumer that the company will offer the same level of quality in service as is being provided globally. Overall the logo has been there for a long period of time. So from the consumer’s point of view, it is memorable and the red color is liked by one and all. It is protected from any violation like copying or faking. It is a likeable logo which helps in increasing the recall of the brand as soon as the logo appears in from of the consumer.URL (Uniform Resource Locator)The website link or URL for the global website is http://www.vodafone.com and the link to the Indian website is http://www.vodafone.in. These are registered domain names so protection is taken care of. As there are provisions of checking and making bill payments online, going through various tariff rates and value added services details on the website, the online interface is a very vital component among the brand elements. The URL simply has the name of the brand and ‘in’ for India a s the extension. It is easy to remember and use, hence making it an effective brand element.CharactersCharacters represent a special type of brand symbol, one that takes on human or real-life characteristics. Since Vodafone entered into the Indian market, there have been two primary characters associated with the brand. The first is the famous pug which was used in the earlier advertisements and portrayed the consistency of service in the tagline â€Å"Wherever you go, our network follows†. The second and extremely popular character which Vodafone created was the Zoozoo.Real people wore grey suits to portray comical characters in a major communication campaign aimed at increasing awareness about the value added services provided by Vodafone. The campaign includes every channel from television and print advertising to billboards and hoardings at the point of sale. Zoozoos as a character have been loved by one and all and have helped tremendously in increasing the brand awarene ss among consumers.However sometimes characters take on such a presence in the mind of the consumer that the characters dominate the brand name itself. Zoozoos have become such a phenomena today that people generally would watch the advertisement and switch the channel before any message is communicated. So in the long run, continuing this campaign indefinitely could hurt Vodafone’s brand equity in India. SlogansSlogans can contribute to brand equity in multiple ways. They can play off the brand name to build brand awareness and image and can also contain product related information and other meanings. Vodafone’s current slogans in the 2010 advertising campaign is â€Å"Isn’t it nice when someone makes you feel special† and â€Å"Power to you†. The ads focus on the close friendship of two school girls and the care each one shows for the other.The company wishes to communicate to the consumer the various value added services it offers, which it term s as â€Å"Vodafone Delights†, to indicate their services intend to delight the consumer in every possible way and the slogan powerfully conveys that Vodafone is a brand that cares about its consumers and believe in doing the small little things to delight them and make them feel special always.Their previous slogans like â€Å"Happy to Help†, â€Å"Power to you† and â€Å"Wherever you go our network follows† have been equally successful in associating different meanings with the brand; meanings like consistency of service, the consumers’ power to choose what service to avail and what to pay for and the brand being ever present in case of any need for the consumer. JinglesMost consumers remember the â€Å"You and I in this beautiful world† jingle, which ran as background in the communication campaign consisting of the pug following the kid, helping him and doing chores for him. The current campaign has the jingle â€Å"The little things you do†, a sweet and melodious song which portrays the intended message quite well. Vodafone’s jingles’ strongest point is their likeability and consumers tend to remember them very conveniently. Jingles, have hence always been a critical brand element for Vodafone. Communication CampaignsVodafone keeps coming out with new communication campaigns at regular time  intervals. It ran the â€Å"Pug† campaign for some time initially. Then it launched the â€Å"Zoozoo† campaign and now it has recently launched the â€Å"Vodafone delights† campaign. Another small campaign that had been running until recently was the â€Å"Rs. 4 me sab kuch† which had a speaking parrot trying to convince people that four rupees are of no value today but Vodafone offers a lot of things in just that amount.These changes in communication campaign strategies and focus on different things every time shows that Vodafone stresses on being innovative in its advertising , trying to come up with something new and refreshing, which will be liked and remembered by the consumer for a long time. They have never used media or sports celebrities for their communication, unlike competitors like Airtel, Idea and Reliance who use sports celebrities and bollywood stars like Abhishek Bachchan and Hrithik Roshan for their endorsements and advertising.Their campaigns generally have had a 360 degree approach, reaching the audience through multiple channels. Some of the channels which Vodafone always covers are:1. Television advertising is done on most popular channels and in major sports events that generally have a long run and are repeated all over the year.2. Newspapers/Magazine advertisements in all major dailies, but mostly in English newspapers, business newspapers and general and economics magazines.3. Hoardings/Billboards on the highways and on the bus stops all over major cities across the country are helping increase awareness and hence, recall of the b rand.4. Small prints at point of sale, varying from major retail outlets to small panwari shops.5. Event sponsorships for major sporting events like Indian Premier League and the UEFA Champions League in football, an event widely followed in India now. Infact according to a research, Vodafone along with Pepsi were found to be the most visible brands after IPL ended earlier this year.6. Radio – On radio they have only run the â€Å"Parrot† campaign as this does not require any major display to go with the voice.Overall their communication campaigns have been innovative and appealing enough to not only attract the consumer’s attention but also make and maintain the brand’s position is the mind ladders. The Zoozoo campaign according to people was a little over run and at one point of time was contributing to creating a perceptual block in the consumers’ mind.So the new Parrot and Delights campaigns have freshened things up. There have been other small campaigns as well, one prominent one which had Formula 1 racer Lewis Hamilton featured in it. However the recall for that ad is very low and it can be categorized as an unsuccessful campaign.